Climate Change Denial Of The North Pole - 985 Words

Climate Change Denial Its midnight in the North Pole, its summer and the sun hasn’t set in months; a polar bear is out hunting with her young cub. There has been less and less territory for her to claim as her own as of late, and even less food. She must find food for her cub. Having not eaten in days he has become malnourished and frail. She returns the dark, frigid water trying to find anything worth eating. Nothing. She climbs back onto the ice float where she left her cub. He is no longer moving. He has finally succumbed to his empty stomach. The mother, despondent and broken, let out a heart-wrenching roar before laying down on the ice and succumbing herself having lost the will or incentive to continue on. Everybody has heard of global warming and the anecdote that our grandchildren will never see a polar bear. Near apocalyptic warnings of the future we will have if we allow it to continue unchecked. However, there is a large faction of people who go out of their way to try to downplay the effects of global warming; these people are known as climate change deniers. Predominantly conservative, these people do everything in their power to undermine global warming for economic gain. Climate change denial has a big effect on the scientific community’s ability to focus on a solution to global warming and stems from misinformation and a value of public/personal opinion over scientific research. What is global warming? Global warming is a gradual increase in the overallShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming: The Release of Greenhouse Gases986 Words   |  4 Pageswater to rise and our freshwater to shorten, near extinction of animals, and it is affecting our health. The changes in our water have become more drastic as time goes on. One concern that has approached many scientists is the rising of sea levels. Overall what causes the rise of our seas is Global Warming, but there is a specific concern that is part of this causation. The north and south poles have been melting faster than expected. When a peace of ice breaks off, it takes up room in the ocean andRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Our Society Essay1983 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Climate change is one of the biggest topics this generation will face, it is up to us to decide what conditions future generations ahead of ourselves will live in. I am going to show the science behind what is happening, but also how it effects me and other individuals in society and how they understand it. The Science and causes There is 1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 liters of water on earth and about 98% of that is situated in our oceans I’m telling you this because one of theRead MoreEco-Buddhism7194 Words   |  29 Pagesï » ¿Sustainable development and Religion. 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Reflections on Childhood Development Essay - 1924 Words

In Infant development, as newborns progress in their development, many changes occur. Neonates, newborns have preferences already for certain senses such as odor, tastes, sounds, and some visual configuration. However, through infancy a baby develop better senses of hearing, and vision. For example, at birth typically a child’s vision is 20/600 and will not reach 20/20 until age two. They can usually focus on objects or people that are up to 9 inches away and can following a moving finger. Newborns also prefer colored stimuli compared to gray ones, but do not develop full perception of color until they are about four months old. Over the first 18 months of an infant’s life, motor skills also develop very progressively more. This†¦show more content†¦Right before reaching his first birthday, Jarrett was able to walk alone by his self and did not any support to guide him anymore. 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Year 11 Physics the World Communicates Dot Points Free Essays

string(167) " a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium \(particles in order to propagate\) while electromagnetic waves do not\." The World Communicates 1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information * describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: mobile telephone, fax/ modem, radio and television Energy transmission in mobile telephone: ound wave energy (input sound) -gt; electrical (in transmitting phone) – gt; radio wave (transmit signal) -gt; electrical (in receiving phone) -gt; sound (output sound) * describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium A wave is a travelling disturbance which transfers energy without transporting matter. They may occur in 1D, 2D or 3D, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium. We will write a custom essay sample on Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points or any similar topic only for you Order Now D- slinky, laser light gt;gt;gt; only moves in one direction 2D- water wave gt;gt;gt; propagates in all directions on a single plane 3D-light, sound, all EM waves gt;gt;gt; spreads/ radiates in all directions from a single point * identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium (particles in order to propagate) while electromagnetic waves do not. You read "Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points" in category "Papers" Classification of Waves: in terms of medium gt; mechanical (requires), electromagnetic (doesn’t require) -in terms of particle oscillation gt; mechanical gt;gt;gt; transverse (perpendicular), longitudinal (parallel) * define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity Mechanical Waves -require a medium to propagate -involves the transfer of energy through a medium by the motion of particles of the medium itself -particles moves as oscillations or vibrations around a fixed point Transverse waves (e. g. light) – mechanical waves – particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation -does not require a medium Longitudinal/compressional waves (e. g. sound) -mechanical waves -particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation -requires a medium Period (T) – time taken for a single wave to pass through a fixed point OR the time taken for a particle of a medium to make one complete oscillation (measured in seconds) -T = 1f Frequency (f) – number of waves that pass through a fixed point per second OR number of complete oscillations of a medium particle in one second (measured in hertz gt; Hz) Medium – material through which a wave can propagate Displacement-shortest distance from initial position to final position of a particle Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement of particles from the undisturbed state (equilibrium position) Compression – zones where particles are closer together than in their undisturbed state Rarefaction – zones where the particles are further apart than in their undisturbed state Crest- highest part of the waves Trough- lowest part of the wave Wavelength (? ) – distance between 2 successive identical points on a wave (e. g. distance measured in metres, between adjacent crests or troughs) Velocity (v) – speed at which the wave transfers energy away from the source * describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves Particles in a transverse wave oscillate back and forth in direction perpendicular to direction of propagation. Particles in a longitudinal wave oscillate back and forth in direction parallel to direction of propagation. * quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave: Velocity is directly proportional to the product of the frequency and wavelength of the wave. 2. Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound * identify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium Sound Waves -are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium classed as a mechanical longitudinal wave -when sound wave propagates, vibrations of the particles create pressure variations within that medium -frequency of a sound is determined by the frequency of the original vibration, NOT by the medium it travels through (i. e. frequency of a sound doesn’t change through any medium) -speed of sound is different in different media -sound travels fastest in solids, followed by liquids then gases (i. e. higher density- particles packed more closely together- vibrations travel faster) -speed of sound in air = 343 m/s relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them Compressions gt; crests Rarefactions gt; troughs * explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves The amplitude of a sound wave determines the volume of the sound. high amplitude = high volumelow amplitude=low volume Likewise, the frequency of a sound wave is directly related to the pitch of a sound. The higher the frequency, the more vibrations per second, and thus, the higher the pitch. High frequency= high pitchlow frequency=low pitch * explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave Echo – forms when a sound wave reflects off a hard surface and rebounds back to its original source, essentially becoming the reflection of a sound wave. – wide variety of applications including SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) gt; method for finding the depth of water and detection of animals and other objects in water * describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound Superposition- also known as wave interference when two or more waves of the same type pass through the same medium at the same time, they will interfere with each other -individual component waves will interfere to give the resultant wave -position of any point on the resultant wave is the sum of the amplitudes of the component waves -rules to superimpose component waves: 1. End points 2. Intersecting points 3. Crests/ Troughs -note: gt; curve + cu rve = curve gt; curve + line = curve gt; line + line = line gt; once component waves no longer interfere with each other, they will return to their initial state -constructive interference gt; component waves are in phase (crests and troughs aligned) -destructive interference gt; component waves 180? out of phase (crests of one wave aligned to troughs of the other and vice versa) gt; resultant wave is a straight line 3. Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum * describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation Electromagnetic Waves – travel through space at the speed of light, 3Ãâ€"10? m/s. – do not require a medium to propagate (i. e. can pass through a vacuum, are all transverse waves) – e. g. gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible (VIBGYOR), infrared, microwaves, radio waves * identify the lectromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays Waves able to penetrate atmosphere and reach surface of the Earthgt; visible light, radio waves, microwaves -too much exposure to UV radiation can result in cancers and dangerous mutations -too much exposure to X-rays and Gamma radiation would quickly kill us -Earth’s atmosphere has the ability to absorb ay incoming high energy radiation * identify methods for the det ection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum EM Wave| Detectors| Source| Gamma| Geiger Muller tube| Nuclei of radioactive atoms and cosmic rays| X-ray| Fluorescent screen| X-ray tubes| Ultraviolet (UV)| Photo/solar cellsFluorescent chemicals| Very hot objectsArcs and sparksMercury capour lamps| Visible| Photo/ solar cellsEye| Hot objectsLampsLasers| Infrared| Special photographic filmSkinSemiconductor devices such as LDR and photodiode| Warm and hot objects (e. g. ire, people)| Radio/ Microwaves| Aerials connected to tuned electric circuits in radio and TV sets| Microwaves and ovensTV and radio transmitters using electric circuits and aerialsOscillating electrons| Note: the sun is a producer of all EM waves sending all bandwidths to Earth Photographic film detects all EM waves except for radio/ microwaves * where k = amount of energy of source, d = distance away from source, I= intensity explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law: Intensity – the energy received per square metre per second at a distance away from the source Attenuation – decrease in the strength of the signal or light -EM waves decrease in intensity the further they are away from the source – to reduce attenuation in long distance communication, signal needs to be either: gt; sent out as a very large strong signal gt; signals travelling long distances need to be amplified at repeater or booster stations along their path * outline how the modulation of mplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information Bandwidth – space taken up in terms of frequency Modulation – process of adding (encoding) signal information to an EM wave Amplitude Modulation -signal wave encoded onto carrier wave by adding amplitude of signal wave and carrier waves using principle of superposition -turns into resultant modulated wave -information stored in variations of amplitude -const ant frequency, changing amplitudes when received, radio receiver will decode variation in amplitude to obtain original signal, which is then amplified Advantages| Disadvantages| * requires a much smaller bandwidth of frequencies for transmission * number of transmissions possible in the AM band is larger| * depend on changing of amplitude through superposition of waves and therefore e very prone to interference | Frequency Modulation -signal wave added to carrier waves by changing frequency of carrier wave -information stored in variations of frequency -constant amplitude, changing frequencies low signal corresponds to low frequency and vice versa for high signals Note: frequency bands = megahertz (MHz)= _x10^6 m/s Advantages| Disadvantages| * since FM waves store information on varying frequencies, less prone to interference -harder to influence frequency of a wave by interference and superposition| * each transmission utilises a large bandwidth * different transmitters must be allocated different frequency bands for transmission to avoide interference with each other * limited number of transmitters allowable in given area| discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes -each transmission requires different frequency bands, but available bandwidth for certain types of EM waves is limited so there’s a possibility may run out of bandwidth and have transmissions start interfering with each other 4. Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves * describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves Reflection – When a wave strikes a boundary, it bounces back. This is known as the reflection of a wave. Law of Reflection: – angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection – incident ray, reflected ray and the normal are on the same plane * describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer Light gt; fibre optic communcation Radio waves gt; AM/ FM radio transmission Microwaves gt; microwave repeating stations (to boost intensity of received signals through use of parabolic concave surface of satellite dishes) gt; mobile phone, internet cable data describe one application of reflection for each of the following: plane surfaces, concave surfaces, convex surfaces, radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere Plane gt; dressing and shaving Parabolic concave gt; satellite dishes (to reflect incoming signals to an antenna at the focus, hence amplifying signal), used in microwave repeating stations and radar control towers to boost intensity of received s ignals) gt;produce parallel beams of light used in torches, car headlight, etc Convex gt; shop security mirrors and side view mirrors (provides wider range of view) Radio waves reflected by ionosphere Ionosphere – region of Earth’s atmosphere which consists of charged particles (electrons and ions) -charged property allows it to reflect low frequency (high wavelength) EM waves such as radio waves -this reflection property enables the transmission of radio waves to receivers that are ‘out of sight’ due to the Earth’s curvature * explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Wavefront – a line that joins all the point that are in phase in a wave (e. . a line that joins all crests, so is perpendicular to direction of propagation) Refraction – when waves travel from one medium to another, where they experience a change in speed, travel different distances (for the same interval of time), causing its wavefronts to bend. This changes the direction of propagation of the wave. Exception – when wave hits boundary between the two media at r ight angles, incident wavefronts are parallel to boundary, or incident angle is 0? -wavelength and velocity change -frequency remains the same When a wave travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, direction of wave bends away from the normal and vice versa. Note: deep water is less dense than shallow water * define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another Refractive Index – the absolute refractive index of a material is a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material RI = cv , where c is the speed of light, and v is the speed of light in material It is the change in velocity of a wave passing from one medium to another. related to optical density (i. e. high RI = high OD and vice versa) * define Snell’s Law: = = n? n? * identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle Total internal reflection occurs when the incidence angle is greater than the critical angle. * i. e. boundary totally reflects the waves, hence the wave never escapes the medium it is in Critica l angle: – wave travelling from more dense to less dense – angle of incidence forms an angle of reflection of 90? the critical angle) * outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres Fibre-Optic Communication – optic fibres made of glass or plastic materials -An optical fibre consists of a core (made of material with higher RI/ is more optically dense) and a cladding – Light encoded with data is guided along the length of the fibre via total internal reflection until it reaches the other end where the information is extracted and decoded Advantages| How/ Why| large amount of data can be transmitted at any one time * suitable for transmitting information where straight line transmission is impossible * interferences by outside disturbances are minimised since light waves are confined within fibres * energy lost due to long distance transmission minimised| * by using a group of many fibres * light waves only travel in straight lines * light waves are confined within fibres * energy of light waves totally trapped within core of fibres| . Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies and data storage technologies * identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form * fibre optic communication * AM/FM radio broadcasting * mobile telephone calls * satellite communication How to cite Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points, Papers