In the high tech age of today, business are lookin Essay Example For Students

In the cutting edge period of today, business are lookin Essay MIAg for better approaches to grow and get their items out to the market. We as of now have numerous laws and associations that urge this and attempt to assist the companies. NAFTA, GATT, WTO and EECU are good to go up in view of organizations. We are on the whole making progress toward a free market economy with the goal that everybody gets an opportunity however what dangers will that force on the customer. That is the place the MAI comes in. The Multinational Agreement of Investors is attempting to go after The MAI has been being examined since 1995. It began as a thought in the WTO and when a portion of the littler nations dismissed it, it went to the Economic Cooperation and Development. This association is comprised of the 29 wealthiest nations which are home to 95% of the main 500 partnerships. This new understanding is extremely solid and that is the reason it is as yet being held up in the conversation stage. In the event that it comes genuine it will permit enterprises to a ssemble anyplace and make what they need that they believe that they can sell. it will likewise let the corps. move legislative center all the more openly. The primary perspective for this is it will dispose of separation of the companies nationality. The defeats are that it enables the partnerships to suegovernment of the nation that it is in if the enterprise feels that its entitlement to make benefit is being hurt. his comes as a major issue since then the enterprise no longer needs to stress over doing things a specific path as long as they bring in cash. This leaves the individuals in the state vulnerable against their contamination and estimating power. Starting at now this understanding is as yet being held up in light of the fact that France and Canada dropped out of the conversations because of the enormous Non-Government Organizations that are fighting the MAI. Different nations are attempting to restore it since they think over the long haul it will be valuable as we globolize are economies more. I am happy that the MAI is being held up the present moment. I feel that letting a company become its own sovereign state is going to far. I need to have my offer in bringing in cash yet it is as yet essential to regard others accepts and that is the thing that the MAI doesn't do. On the off chance that that got passed I feel that we would at last have a free market economy and that it would pound everything. List of sources:

Simone Weil regards Christianity as a religion for slaves. What does Essay

Simone Weil views Christianity as a religion for slaves. What does she mean by this, and is it a legitimized guarantee - Essay Example universe great exceeds evil†¦ Thus the object of this certitude is an endless and general administration establishing the foundation of a perpetual request on the planet. Plunging Providence is never spoken to in any other structure, except if I am mixed up, either in the hallowed writings of the Chinese, the Indians, and the Greeks, or in the Gospels. She accepted that such pseudo-all inclusive strict thought was essentially changed by the Romans in their interesting and odd acknowledgment of Christianity, with notable results: â€Å"†¦ when the Christian religion was authoritatively embraced by the Roman Empire, the generic part of God and of Divine Providence was pushed out of spotlight. God was transformed into a partner of the Emperor.† Weil accepted that the thoughts of patriotism of the Jews and the Romans were the sameâ€both were pitiless, profane, and skeptic, both bolstered the misuse and mistreatment of the second rate by the predominant. Related with this equivalence of viewpoints was a common topic in the otherworldliness or love of the two gatherings. Both the Romans and the Jews, paying little mind to their dissimilarities in different angles, had a comparative thought of subjugation, fundamental to the cosmological convictions of the two individuals. The Jews accept that: In the writings dating from before the outcast, Jehovah’s juridical relationship to the Hebrews is that of ace to his slaves. They had been Pharaoh’s slaves: Jehovah, having removed them from Pharaoh’s hands, has prevailing to Pharaoh’s rights†¦ He arranges them indifferently to do great or insidiousness, however unquestionably more frequently underhanded, and in either case they need to obey. It is important little that they ought to be made to obey from the basest intentions, gave that orders are properly executed. As to the Romans, â€Å"Such an origination as this was actually on a standard with the sentiments and knowledge of the Romans. With them subjection had sabotaged and corrupted all human relations.† Therefore, Weil asserted, notwithstanding the

Buyer Behaviour Example

Buyer Behaviour Example Buyer Behaviour â€" Assignment Example > Buyer Behaviour in Retail ContextBuyer Behaviour in retail contextConsumer or buyer behaviour is an important area of marketing which should be given utmost importance. Marketing in all areas is done with the consumer in the mind, as he is the ultimate person going to use the products. The success of a business depends on the satisfaction of the customer. So understanding the consumer behaviour is very essential to improve and sustain the sales of any product. The field of Buyer behaviour deals with the factors influencing or associated with the decision making process of the purchase. There are two types of buyers. One is the purchase by the retail customer or end user spending his own money. He is the retail consumer. The second category is the purchase made on behalf of a business or any organization. Here the buyer does not spend his own money and only represents his business. He is the business buyer or consumer. The sales to the former are known as business to consumer and t he later as business-to-business. There are wide variations with respect to the selling concepts and the buying behaviours of both the above. For any sales person to be successful in the process of selling, either to a direct consumer or to a business, understanding his consumer is of paramount importance. He should understand the needs and requirements of the customer and be able to evaluate the major factors that would influence the customer’s choice. This broad outline is the main similarity between selling to both the groups of buyers. More than the similarities, differences are more in the buying behaviours of a retail consumer and a business consumer. The conditions affecting the buying behavior of retail consumer are more varied in nature when compared to that of the business consumer. In this report, the selling situations to both the categories are discussed through two examples and the buying criteria, buying methods, similarities and the differences between both would be analyzed. However, before that brief descriptions about the factors associated with the buying behaviours of both the groups of buyers are given. A retail consumer takes a buying decision mainly to satisfy his requirement and for his personal use. He looks out for the personal gains and satisfaction. The main factors influencing his behaviour are psychological, social and economic in nature. These in other words can be written as internal factors such as the extent of necessity of his need, level of desire (strong or weak) to buy the product, his perception and the knowledge about the product, his lifestyle, the influence exerted by his family members in choosing the product, his ability to take his own decision, and his individual personality. The social factors include the opinions of his friends, colleagues or the cultural or social group he belongs. The marketers of the products also play an important role in his decision making process. These are the way a particular bran d has been advertised, the real benefits when compared to other brands, price discounts and offers, after sales service, modes of payment and other customer experiences.

Climate Change Denial Of The North Pole - 985 Words

Climate Change Denial Its midnight in the North Pole, its summer and the sun hasn’t set in months; a polar bear is out hunting with her young cub. There has been less and less territory for her to claim as her own as of late, and even less food. She must find food for her cub. Having not eaten in days he has become malnourished and frail. She returns the dark, frigid water trying to find anything worth eating. Nothing. She climbs back onto the ice float where she left her cub. He is no longer moving. He has finally succumbed to his empty stomach. The mother, despondent and broken, let out a heart-wrenching roar before laying down on the ice and succumbing herself having lost the will or incentive to continue on. Everybody has heard of global warming and the anecdote that our grandchildren will never see a polar bear. Near apocalyptic warnings of the future we will have if we allow it to continue unchecked. However, there is a large faction of people who go out of their way to try to downplay the effects of global warming; these people are known as climate change deniers. Predominantly conservative, these people do everything in their power to undermine global warming for economic gain. Climate change denial has a big effect on the scientific community’s ability to focus on a solution to global warming and stems from misinformation and a value of public/personal opinion over scientific research. What is global warming? Global warming is a gradual increase in the overallShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming: The Release of Greenhouse Gases986 Words   |  4 Pageswater to rise and our freshwater to shorten, near extinction of animals, and it is affecting our health. The changes in our water have become more drastic as time goes on. One concern that has approached many scientists is the rising of sea levels. Overall what causes the rise of our seas is Global Warming, but there is a specific concern that is part of this causation. The north and south poles have been melting faster than expected. When a peace of ice breaks off, it takes up room in the ocean andRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Our Society Essay1983 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Climate change is one of the biggest topics this generation will face, it is up to us to decide what conditions future generations ahead of ourselves will live in. I am going to show the science behind what is happening, but also how it effects me and other individuals in society and how they understand it. The Science and causes There is 1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 liters of water on earth and about 98% of that is situated in our oceans I’m telling you this because one of theRead MoreEco-Buddhism7194 Words   |  29 Pagesï » ¿Sustainable development and Religion. Buddhism and the  Climate-Energy Emergency Statue of Buddha Sakyamuni, Bodh Gaya, India It is in this way that we must train ourselves: by liberation of the self through love. We will develop love, we will practice it, we will make it both a way and a basis, take our stand upon it, store it up, and thoroughly set it going. The Buddha,  Samyutta Nikaya Environmental and social breakdownRead More Fishing in the North Atlantic Essay example5849 Words   |  24 PagesFishing in the North Atlantic Abstract Ocean fishes have been consumed by humans beyond their maximum sustainable yields for years and the Atlantic cod and squid are two examples. Cods were primarily overfished to commercial extinction. Other variables were also examined to see if they contribute to the declining population. Water temperature was the natural phenomenon that may be responsible for poor egg hatching. Human causes such as increased UV radiation from depleted ozone and bottomRead More Biblical Creationism versus Scientific Origin Essay example8399 Words   |  34 Pagesknow it, is not incompatible with a creator. But it most certainly does not require one. I think it would be prudent to define a few terms first. Evolution: The change in life over long time scales by descent with modification through natural selection, except when used in astronomical context (where it refers to slow changes in stars and galaxies.) Creationism: Specifically, I use this to mean Christian young-earth creationism; the belief that Earth was created in 6 literal days as writtenRead MoreHofstede: Cultures and Organizations - Software of the Mind Culture as Mental Programming9246 Words   |  37 Pagesirrational vs. rational 2 Values are among the first things children learn - not consciously, but implicitly. Development psychologists believe that by the age of 10, most children have their basic value system firmly in place, and after that age, changes are difficult to make. Because they were acquired so early in our lives, many values remain unconscious to those who hold them. Therefore they cannot be discussed, nor can they be directly observed by outsiders. They can only be inferred from theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAmerican History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited byRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesRacism: colonial inheritance 4.1 Nicaragua: multiethnic and pluricultural state 4.2 The historic roots of differences, discrimination, and racism 4.2.1 Spanish Conquest and its repercussions in Indigenous cultures of the Pacific, Central and North 4.2.2 English colonization in the Caribbean Coast region 4.2.3 The Liberal policy in the Caribbean Coast: internal colonization 4.2.4 Afro-descendent communities in Nicaragua 4.2.5 Colonization through development models on Indigenous land Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesEffective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. 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Reflections on Childhood Development Essay - 1924 Words

In Infant development, as newborns progress in their development, many changes occur. Neonates, newborns have preferences already for certain senses such as odor, tastes, sounds, and some visual configuration. However, through infancy a baby develop better senses of hearing, and vision. For example, at birth typically a child’s vision is 20/600 and will not reach 20/20 until age two. They can usually focus on objects or people that are up to 9 inches away and can following a moving finger. Newborns also prefer colored stimuli compared to gray ones, but do not develop full perception of color until they are about four months old. Over the first 18 months of an infant’s life, motor skills also develop very progressively more. This†¦show more content†¦Right before reaching his first birthday, Jarrett was able to walk alone by his self and did not any support to guide him anymore. During infancy, all infants usually have a strong attachment to either their mother or their primary caregivers. Many newborn babies prefer contact comfort, supplied by bodily contact, and suffer from separation anxiety when they are separated from their primary caregiver. Separation anxiety results in fear and distress of the newborn child and usually peaks when the infant is between 12 and 18 months. When an infant reaches 6 to 7 months of age, a fear of strangers, stranger anxiety arises, and this usually increases until the child’s first birthday. Four patterns of attachment from Mary Ainsworth’s study after brief separation from their mother’s were identified and are most common. Some infants show patterns of secure attachment, where they are highly distressed when separated from their mother or caregiver. Infants who show a pattern of secure attachment are typically more responsive, obedient, and cooperative than other infants. Preschoolers who had secure attachment as infants are more likely to show more advanced social skills, than infa nts not attached securely to their caregivers. The second pattern is known as avoidant attachment, which are not quick to respond to their primary caregiver when they are present and are not alarmed when they leave. Even when the caregiver returns, theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Early Childhood Education Field1117 Words   |  5 Pagesand accountability in the early childhood education field, policy makers have increasingly turned to the development of effective professional practice among early childhood educators (ECEs) as the predominant approach in securing better outcomes for children. 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LearningRead MoreChild Observation: Middle Childhood1388 Words   |  6 PagesCHILD DEVELOPMENT CHART: MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7-11 years) Early Childhood Development YOUR CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHART: MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7–11 YEARS) SECTION 1: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS | |[pic] [pic] | |BIOSOCIAL |Brief Description of Example Read MoreEssay On Self Reflection958 Words   |  4 PagesPractitioners Statement 2 Unrelated Pieces First piece: Blissful soul Once this course had commenced, I came up with the idea of painting a person’s reflection to represent the theme of self-image. Throughout the process of experimenting with different types of paint, I decided to work closely with watercolour as it was a media that I found enjoyable. 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Year 11 Physics the World Communicates Dot Points Free Essays

string(167) " a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium \(particles in order to propagate\) while electromagnetic waves do not\." The World Communicates 1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information * describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: mobile telephone, fax/ modem, radio and television Energy transmission in mobile telephone: ound wave energy (input sound) -gt; electrical (in transmitting phone) – gt; radio wave (transmit signal) -gt; electrical (in receiving phone) -gt; sound (output sound) * describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium A wave is a travelling disturbance which transfers energy without transporting matter. They may occur in 1D, 2D or 3D, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium. We will write a custom essay sample on Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points or any similar topic only for you Order Now D- slinky, laser light gt;gt;gt; only moves in one direction 2D- water wave gt;gt;gt; propagates in all directions on a single plane 3D-light, sound, all EM waves gt;gt;gt; spreads/ radiates in all directions from a single point * identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium (particles in order to propagate) while electromagnetic waves do not. You read "Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points" in category "Papers" Classification of Waves: in terms of medium gt; mechanical (requires), electromagnetic (doesn’t require) -in terms of particle oscillation gt; mechanical gt;gt;gt; transverse (perpendicular), longitudinal (parallel) * define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity Mechanical Waves -require a medium to propagate -involves the transfer of energy through a medium by the motion of particles of the medium itself -particles moves as oscillations or vibrations around a fixed point Transverse waves (e. g. light) – mechanical waves – particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation -does not require a medium Longitudinal/compressional waves (e. g. sound) -mechanical waves -particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation -requires a medium Period (T) – time taken for a single wave to pass through a fixed point OR the time taken for a particle of a medium to make one complete oscillation (measured in seconds) -T = 1f Frequency (f) – number of waves that pass through a fixed point per second OR number of complete oscillations of a medium particle in one second (measured in hertz gt; Hz) Medium – material through which a wave can propagate Displacement-shortest distance from initial position to final position of a particle Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement of particles from the undisturbed state (equilibrium position) Compression – zones where particles are closer together than in their undisturbed state Rarefaction – zones where the particles are further apart than in their undisturbed state Crest- highest part of the waves Trough- lowest part of the wave Wavelength (? ) – distance between 2 successive identical points on a wave (e. g. distance measured in metres, between adjacent crests or troughs) Velocity (v) – speed at which the wave transfers energy away from the source * describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves Particles in a transverse wave oscillate back and forth in direction perpendicular to direction of propagation. Particles in a longitudinal wave oscillate back and forth in direction parallel to direction of propagation. * quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave: Velocity is directly proportional to the product of the frequency and wavelength of the wave. 2. Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound * identify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium Sound Waves -are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium classed as a mechanical longitudinal wave -when sound wave propagates, vibrations of the particles create pressure variations within that medium -frequency of a sound is determined by the frequency of the original vibration, NOT by the medium it travels through (i. e. frequency of a sound doesn’t change through any medium) -speed of sound is different in different media -sound travels fastest in solids, followed by liquids then gases (i. e. higher density- particles packed more closely together- vibrations travel faster) -speed of sound in air = 343 m/s relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them Compressions gt; crests Rarefactions gt; troughs * explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves The amplitude of a sound wave determines the volume of the sound. high amplitude = high volumelow amplitude=low volume Likewise, the frequency of a sound wave is directly related to the pitch of a sound. The higher the frequency, the more vibrations per second, and thus, the higher the pitch. High frequency= high pitchlow frequency=low pitch * explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave Echo – forms when a sound wave reflects off a hard surface and rebounds back to its original source, essentially becoming the reflection of a sound wave. – wide variety of applications including SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) gt; method for finding the depth of water and detection of animals and other objects in water * describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound Superposition- also known as wave interference when two or more waves of the same type pass through the same medium at the same time, they will interfere with each other -individual component waves will interfere to give the resultant wave -position of any point on the resultant wave is the sum of the amplitudes of the component waves -rules to superimpose component waves: 1. End points 2. Intersecting points 3. Crests/ Troughs -note: gt; curve + cu rve = curve gt; curve + line = curve gt; line + line = line gt; once component waves no longer interfere with each other, they will return to their initial state -constructive interference gt; component waves are in phase (crests and troughs aligned) -destructive interference gt; component waves 180? out of phase (crests of one wave aligned to troughs of the other and vice versa) gt; resultant wave is a straight line 3. Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum * describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation Electromagnetic Waves – travel through space at the speed of light, 3Ãâ€"10? m/s. – do not require a medium to propagate (i. e. can pass through a vacuum, are all transverse waves) – e. g. gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible (VIBGYOR), infrared, microwaves, radio waves * identify the lectromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays Waves able to penetrate atmosphere and reach surface of the Earthgt; visible light, radio waves, microwaves -too much exposure to UV radiation can result in cancers and dangerous mutations -too much exposure to X-rays and Gamma radiation would quickly kill us -Earth’s atmosphere has the ability to absorb ay incoming high energy radiation * identify methods for the det ection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum EM Wave| Detectors| Source| Gamma| Geiger Muller tube| Nuclei of radioactive atoms and cosmic rays| X-ray| Fluorescent screen| X-ray tubes| Ultraviolet (UV)| Photo/solar cellsFluorescent chemicals| Very hot objectsArcs and sparksMercury capour lamps| Visible| Photo/ solar cellsEye| Hot objectsLampsLasers| Infrared| Special photographic filmSkinSemiconductor devices such as LDR and photodiode| Warm and hot objects (e. g. ire, people)| Radio/ Microwaves| Aerials connected to tuned electric circuits in radio and TV sets| Microwaves and ovensTV and radio transmitters using electric circuits and aerialsOscillating electrons| Note: the sun is a producer of all EM waves sending all bandwidths to Earth Photographic film detects all EM waves except for radio/ microwaves * where k = amount of energy of source, d = distance away from source, I= intensity explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law: Intensity – the energy received per square metre per second at a distance away from the source Attenuation – decrease in the strength of the signal or light -EM waves decrease in intensity the further they are away from the source – to reduce attenuation in long distance communication, signal needs to be either: gt; sent out as a very large strong signal gt; signals travelling long distances need to be amplified at repeater or booster stations along their path * outline how the modulation of mplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information Bandwidth – space taken up in terms of frequency Modulation – process of adding (encoding) signal information to an EM wave Amplitude Modulation -signal wave encoded onto carrier wave by adding amplitude of signal wave and carrier waves using principle of superposition -turns into resultant modulated wave -information stored in variations of amplitude -const ant frequency, changing amplitudes when received, radio receiver will decode variation in amplitude to obtain original signal, which is then amplified Advantages| Disadvantages| * requires a much smaller bandwidth of frequencies for transmission * number of transmissions possible in the AM band is larger| * depend on changing of amplitude through superposition of waves and therefore e very prone to interference | Frequency Modulation -signal wave added to carrier waves by changing frequency of carrier wave -information stored in variations of frequency -constant amplitude, changing frequencies low signal corresponds to low frequency and vice versa for high signals Note: frequency bands = megahertz (MHz)= _x10^6 m/s Advantages| Disadvantages| * since FM waves store information on varying frequencies, less prone to interference -harder to influence frequency of a wave by interference and superposition| * each transmission utilises a large bandwidth * different transmitters must be allocated different frequency bands for transmission to avoide interference with each other * limited number of transmitters allowable in given area| discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication purposes -each transmission requires different frequency bands, but available bandwidth for certain types of EM waves is limited so there’s a possibility may run out of bandwidth and have transmissions start interfering with each other 4. Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves * describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves Reflection – When a wave strikes a boundary, it bounces back. This is known as the reflection of a wave. Law of Reflection: – angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection – incident ray, reflected ray and the normal are on the same plane * describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer Light gt; fibre optic communcation Radio waves gt; AM/ FM radio transmission Microwaves gt; microwave repeating stations (to boost intensity of received signals through use of parabolic concave surface of satellite dishes) gt; mobile phone, internet cable data describe one application of reflection for each of the following: plane surfaces, concave surfaces, convex surfaces, radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere Plane gt; dressing and shaving Parabolic concave gt; satellite dishes (to reflect incoming signals to an antenna at the focus, hence amplifying signal), used in microwave repeating stations and radar control towers to boost intensity of received s ignals) gt;produce parallel beams of light used in torches, car headlight, etc Convex gt; shop security mirrors and side view mirrors (provides wider range of view) Radio waves reflected by ionosphere Ionosphere – region of Earth’s atmosphere which consists of charged particles (electrons and ions) -charged property allows it to reflect low frequency (high wavelength) EM waves such as radio waves -this reflection property enables the transmission of radio waves to receivers that are ‘out of sight’ due to the Earth’s curvature * explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Wavefront – a line that joins all the point that are in phase in a wave (e. . a line that joins all crests, so is perpendicular to direction of propagation) Refraction – when waves travel from one medium to another, where they experience a change in speed, travel different distances (for the same interval of time), causing its wavefronts to bend. This changes the direction of propagation of the wave. Exception – when wave hits boundary between the two media at r ight angles, incident wavefronts are parallel to boundary, or incident angle is 0? -wavelength and velocity change -frequency remains the same When a wave travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, direction of wave bends away from the normal and vice versa. Note: deep water is less dense than shallow water * define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another Refractive Index – the absolute refractive index of a material is a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material RI = cv , where c is the speed of light, and v is the speed of light in material It is the change in velocity of a wave passing from one medium to another. related to optical density (i. e. high RI = high OD and vice versa) * define Snell’s Law: = = n? n? * identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle Total internal reflection occurs when the incidence angle is greater than the critical angle. * i. e. boundary totally reflects the waves, hence the wave never escapes the medium it is in Critica l angle: – wave travelling from more dense to less dense – angle of incidence forms an angle of reflection of 90? the critical angle) * outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres Fibre-Optic Communication – optic fibres made of glass or plastic materials -An optical fibre consists of a core (made of material with higher RI/ is more optically dense) and a cladding – Light encoded with data is guided along the length of the fibre via total internal reflection until it reaches the other end where the information is extracted and decoded Advantages| How/ Why| large amount of data can be transmitted at any one time * suitable for transmitting information where straight line transmission is impossible * interferences by outside disturbances are minimised since light waves are confined within fibres * energy lost due to long distance transmission minimised| * by using a group of many fibres * light waves only travel in straight lines * light waves are confined within fibres * energy of light waves totally trapped within core of fibres| . Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies and data storage technologies * identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form * fibre optic communication * AM/FM radio broadcasting * mobile telephone calls * satellite communication How to cite Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points, Papers

Scotch Thistle Essays - Invasive Plant Species, Agricultural Pests

Forage Production Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) also known as cotton thistle or woolly thistle is native of Europe and eastern Asia and is probably an escaped ornamental plant. Scotch thistle stands are dense and practically impenetrable due to the weed's spiny nature and large size. It spreads by seed and generally inhabits moist sites or drainages in dry locations. It was introduced in the 1800s to the United States and it crowds out native species and crops. Scotch thistle is a branched, robust biennial (or sometimes annual) although it can behave as a winter or summer annual or a short-lived perennial under certain situations. Often grows 8 feet or more in height and 6 feet in width. Main stems may be up to 4 inches wide at the base. Stems have vertical rows of prominent, spiny, ribbon-like leaf material or "wings" that extend to the base of the flower heads. Leaves, which are armed with sharp, yellow spines, are up to 2 feet long and 1 foot wide. Upper and lower leaf surfaces are covered with a thick mat of cotton-like or woolly hairs, which give the foliage a gray-green appearance. Plants flower in mid-summer from July to September. The globe-shaped flower heads are borne in groups of 2 or 3 on branch tips. Flower heads are up to 2 inches in diameter, with long, stiff, needle-like bracts at the base. Flowers range in color from dark pink to lavender. Seeds are smooth, slender, and plumed. As a biennial, Scotch thistle typically lives for two growing seasons. Seeds usually germinate in the late fall, but germination can occur at other times, as well. Seedlings that appear in late autumn behave as true biennials, but seedlings produced during late summer or early autumn behave as annuals. During its first year, Scotch thistle produces a rosette with a taproot that may extend down 1 foot or more. Early in the second year, the plant bolts. Plants produce 8,400 to 40,000 seeds. Reports on seed longevity in the soil vary from unknown to up to 20+ years. Seeds are dispersed locally by wind; humans, water, livestock, and wildlife are involved in longer-distance dispersal. Seeds are sensitive to light. While some seeds will germinate in the dark, studies indicate that most germination occurs with alternating light/dark cycles, with 8 hours being the optimal day length Scotch thistle is a wasteland weed that generally inhabits moist sites or drainages in dry locations. If not controlled, it presses into farmland or forms dense canopies in any area overgrazed or not under intense cultivation. It is a major agricultural weed in the western United States. If the soil is moist enough, it has the ability to re-sprout when its roots are cut up during cultivation. In the western U.S., Scotch thistle infests wet meadows and pastures, as well as more arid big sagebrush sites. Scotch thistle is often associated with waste places, as well as rivers, streams, canals, or other waterways. It can also be abundant in dry pastures, fields, and rangeland. In particular, the plant thrives in light, well-drained, and sandy or stony soils. Temperature and moisture, rather than soil nutrient concentrations determine the ecological performance of Onopordum species. It is a major issue in rangeland management in northeastern Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. Scotch thistle can sp read rapidly. For example, it was first found in Utah in 1963. By 1981, it covered approximately 6070 hectares in 17 counties. Eight years later, it had spread to cover more than 22,540 hectares in 22 counties. Small areas can be eradicated by digging. Plants must be cut off below the soil, leaving no leaves attached. Mowing has limited effectiveness for controlling Scotch thistle. It usually only prevents seed production if done either immediately prior to flowering or when plants are just starting to flower. When mowing is conducted too early, it may only delay flowering. However, when plants are cut too late in the flowering process, viable seed may still develop in the capitula following cutting. Because there can be a wide variety in the maturity of plants, a single mowing is unlikely to provide satisfactory control. Establishing and maintaining dense, vigorous, competitive pasture can effectively prevent Scotch thistle establishment. Healthy pasture is